Kajian yang dilakukan oleh Dr. Muhammad Salleh mengenai Terapi Solat Tahajjud mendapati bahawa solat yang dilakukan oleh orang yang mengerjakan solat secara terpaksa akan meningkatkan paras hormon kartisol yang menjadi punca stress.
APAKAH HORMON KARTISOL?
Kartisol adalah sejenis hormon yang dirembeskan oleh kalenjer adrenal kesan dari tindak balas stres dan kerana tahap glucocorticoids darah yang rendah. Tugas utamanya untuk menaikkan paras gula darah semasa proses gluconeogenesis, menekan sistem pertahanan badan, membantu metabolisme lemak, protein dan karbohidrat.
Hormon kartisol juga dirembeskan dengan banyak di dalam membantu pembentukkan paru-paru janin pada minggu ke 30-32 kandungan.
BAGAIMANA CARA MENURUNKAN PARAS HORMON KARTISOL?
1) Ikhlaskan hati di dalam melakukan ibadah dan kerja-kerja kita di dunia ini kerana hati yang ikhlas membantu mengharungi segala kepayahan hidup di dunia ini, seterusnya dapat menurunkan paras hormon kartisol ini untuk mengurangkan stres. Hati jadi kuat dan tenang. Metabolisma meningkat dan daya tahan tubuh juga mampu melawan penyakit.
2) Bangun untuk solat malam kerana hormon kartisol berada pada paras yang paling rendah di awal pagi iaitu sekitar pukul 4 pagi hinggalah saat bangun tidur. Solat malam juga dapat meningkatkan tahap khusyuk dan seterusnya dapat menurunkan paras hormon kartisol. Oksigen yang terdapat di awal pagi ini juga mengandungi triple oksigen yang berupaya merawat dan menyembuhkan penyakit.
3) Bersenam, terapi muzik, urutan, ketawa, menangis, vitamin c, teh hitam, menari tango dan jima' (yang sah dalam Islam), dapat membantu menurunkan paras hormon kartisol juga. Oleh itu, apabila mengalami stress, peluklah pasangan anda dengan ikhlas dan penuh kasih sayang supaya paras hormon kartisol dapat diturunkan walaupun stres itu berpunca dari pasangan itu sendiri.
APAKAH FAKTOR YANG MENINGKATKAN PARAS HORMON KARTISOL?
Terdapat beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan paras hormon kartisol itu meningkat yang ada hubungan secara langsung dengan paras hormon adrenocorticotropic (ACTH). Beberapa keadaan lain seperti demam, kemurungan, stres, kesakitan, trauma, pembedahan, ketakutan, perubahan cuaca ekstrem, kafein, sukar tidur, melecur, anorexia nervosa, pil perancang dan berulang alik menempuh perjalanan yang jauh juga mempengaruhi tahap rembesan hormon kartisol.
Friday, 3 October 2014
Thursday, 25 September 2014
INSAN MULIA
Jika anda seorang wanita, carilah lelaki yang mempunyai sifat-sifat ini.
Jika anda seorang lelaki, jadilah seorang lelaki yang mempunyai sifat-sifat ini.
10 sifat calon suami yang baik:
1. Kuat amalan agamanya. Menjaga solat fardhu, kerap berjemaah dan solat pada awal waktu. Auratnya juga sentiasa dipelihara dan memakai pakaian yang sopan. Sifat ini boleh dilihat terutama sewaktu bersukan.
2. Akhlaknya baik, iaitu seorang yang nampak tegas, tetapi sebenarnya seorang yang lembut dan mudah bertolak ansur. Pertuturannya juga mesti sopan, melambangkan peribadi dan hatinya yang mulia.
3. Tegas mempertahankan maruahnya. Tidak berkunjung ke tempat-tempat yang boleh menjatuhkan kredibilitinya.
4. Amanah, tidak mengabaikan tugas yang diberikan dan tidak menyalahgunakan kuasa dan kedudukan.
5. Tidak boros, tetapi tidak kedekut. Tahu membelanjakan wang dengan bijaksana.
6. Menjaga mata dengan tidak melihat perempuan lain yang lalu lalang ketika sedang bercakap-cakap.
7. Pergaulan yang terbatas, tidak mengamalkan cara hidup bebas walaupun dia tahu dirinya mampu berbuat demikian.
8. Mempunyai rakan pergaulan yang baik. Rakan pergaulan seseorang itu biasanya sama.
9. Bertanggungjawab. Lihatlah dia dengan keluarga dan ibu bapanya.
10. Wajah yang tenang, tidak kira semasa bercakap atau membuat kerja atau masa kecemasan.
2. Akhlaknya baik, iaitu seorang yang nampak tegas, tetapi sebenarnya seorang yang lembut dan mudah bertolak ansur. Pertuturannya juga mesti sopan, melambangkan peribadi dan hatinya yang mulia.
3. Tegas mempertahankan maruahnya. Tidak berkunjung ke tempat-tempat yang boleh menjatuhkan kredibilitinya.
4. Amanah, tidak mengabaikan tugas yang diberikan dan tidak menyalahgunakan kuasa dan kedudukan.
5. Tidak boros, tetapi tidak kedekut. Tahu membelanjakan wang dengan bijaksana.
6. Menjaga mata dengan tidak melihat perempuan lain yang lalu lalang ketika sedang bercakap-cakap.
7. Pergaulan yang terbatas, tidak mengamalkan cara hidup bebas walaupun dia tahu dirinya mampu berbuat demikian.
8. Mempunyai rakan pergaulan yang baik. Rakan pergaulan seseorang itu biasanya sama.
9. Bertanggungjawab. Lihatlah dia dengan keluarga dan ibu bapanya.
10. Wajah yang tenang, tidak kira semasa bercakap atau membuat kerja atau masa kecemasan.
MINDA KELAS PERTAMA
FORMULA MENTAL CERDAS;
1. Luahkan /kongsi masaalah dengan orang lain
2. Luaskan pergaulan
3. Bertemu semula dengan kawan-kawan lama
4. Libatkan diri dalam aktiviti-aktiviti, persatuan dan kelab
5. Membaca.Penuhi waktu sebaik-baiknya
6. Berkongsi hobi atau kegemeran dengan keluarga, sanak saudara,jiran dan kawan
7. Jaga kesihatan diri
8. Bersenam selalu
9. Makan makanan yang seimbang dan minum air yang banyak
10. Lakukan aktiviti-aktiviti bersama keluarga.Eratkan ikatan kekeluargaan
11. Bersiar-siar, menonton wayang,makan di luar
12. pastikan diri sentiasa ceria/gembira
13. Berbincang mengenai permasalahan keluarga/isu-isu semasa
14. Bersikap realistik tentang perubahan di dalam pelbagai aspek
KEMAHIRAN INSANIAH
PSIKOLOGI SENYUM;
1. Para saintis mendapati senyum dan ketawa merupakan satu senaman berbentuk jogging dalaman di mana dapat merangsang seluruh tubuh dan mampu memberi manfaat berguna kepada sistem saraf otak dan juga hormon-hormon.
2. Pengkaji dan pengamal barat percaya dengan memulakan hari dengan senyuman bukan sahaja berupayamenceriakan hidup anda tetapi memberi banyak kebaikan kepada kesihatan. Apabila kita tersenyum, badan turut 'tersenyum' dan menganggap kita gembira. Kajian menunjukkan senyuman memperlahankan aliran darah yang melalui sinus ke otak.
3. Apabila darah yang 'sudah sejuk' ini sampai ke hipotalamus (bahagian yang mengawal suhu badan dan emosi) ia menghasilkan kesan 'gembira'. Selain itu, apabila kita tersenyum, kita hanya menggunakan 17 otot muka berbanding 43 ketika mengerutkan dahi.
4. Senyuman bukan sekadar reaksi gerak muka, tetapi turut mempunyai kaitan dengan penghasilan endorphin dalam otak yang mengurangkan kesakitan fizikal dan emosi menjadikan seseorang itu rasa lebih selesa dengan diri sendiri.
5. Kajian menunjukkan individu yang ketawa 100 kali dalam tempoh 24 jam mendapat manfaat kardiovaskular sama seperti bersenam 10 minit. Hal ini terjadi kerana apabila kita ketawa, tekanan darah dan kadar dengupan jantung meningkat. Kemudian kedua-dua kadar ini akan turun iaitu lebih rendah daripada paras sebelum anda ketawa.
6. Anda juga perlu sedar bahawa kanak-kanak lebih banyak ketawa dari orang dewasa. Kanak-kanak berumur antara empat hingga enam tahun ketawa 400 kali sehari berbanding hanya 15 kali sehari di kalangan orang dewasa. Jesteru tidak hairan jika orang dewasa lebih mudah diserang penyakit serta mengalami masalah tekanan dan kemurungan.
7. Kajian yang dibuat oleh sekumpulan saintis dari Universiti Pusat Perubatan California menjelaskan terdapat dua jenis 'stress' iaitu stress yang baik dan stress yang tidak baik. Senyum dan ketawa dikategorikan sebagai stress yang baik. Stress yang tidak baik akan memberi tekanan kepada sistem ketahanan badan.
8. Dalam kajian di atas, dua kumpulan orang dewasa telah digunakan sebagai eksperimen. Kumpulan pertama dipertontonkan cerita-cerita lucu manakala kumpulan kedua diletakkan disebuah bilik tanpa berbuat apa-apa. Sampel darah diambil 10 minit sebelum dan selepas kajian dibuat. Dari keputusan sampel darah tersebut, kumpulan pertama didapati peningkatan hormon semakin baik seperti hormon 'endorphins' dan hormon 'neurotransmitters' dan penurunan tahap hormon stress 'cortisol' dan 'adrenaline' .
9. Ketika kita ketawa, sel pembunuh tumor dan virus semulajadi dalam badan akan bertambah selaras dengan pertambahan Gamma-inteferon (protein melawan penyakit), sel T (yang penting untuk sistem pertahanan badan) dan sel B (yang menghasilkan antibodi melawan penyakit).
10. Senyuman juga mampu merendahkan tekanan darah, menambah kemasukan oksigen dalam darah dan ini secara tidak langsung merangsang proses penyembuhan. Banyak kajian terbukti bahawa tekanan emosi seperti kemurungan, kemarahan atau keresahan mempunyai kaitan dengan sakit jantung.
11. Senyuman yang diakhiri dengan ketawa mengaktifkan kimia badan dan secara tidak langsung merendahkan risiko penyakit jantung, tekanan darah tinggi, strok, atritis dan ulser. Pusat Perubatan Universiti Maryland menjalankan kajian ke atas 300 responden dan mendapati 40 peratus orang yang mengidap penyakit jantung kurang ketawa berbanding orang yang sihat.
12. Senyuman dan ketawa antara senaman yang baik kerana ia membabitkan diafragma, abdomen, sistem pernafasan, muka, kaki dan otot belakang badan. Ketawa 'mengurut' organ dalam abdomen dan menguatkan otot abdomen, merangsang kedua-dua belah otak dan meningkatkan keupayaan untuk belajar. Ia melegakan ketegangan otot dan tekanan psikologi; membuatkan otak lebih peka serta bersedia menerima maklumat baru.
13. Ketawa juga dikatakan mampu memperbaiki fungsi usus, sekali gus meningkatkan pencernaan dan penyerapan nutrient dalam badan. Ada juga yang percaya ketawa boleh membakar kalori seperti kita bersenam beberapa minit.
14. Selain memberi pelbagai kebaikan kepada tubuh, dalam ajaran Islam sendiri mengatakan senyum itu satu sedekah. Senyum mampu menjadi penawar pada penyakit rohani yang kronik. Senyum tidak perlu modal, *****a sekelumit rasa ikhlas yang bisa memaniskan senyuman itu. Senyuman yang dilemparkan mampu menyerikan hari insan lain. Mungkin juga mampu menyejukkan hati yang sedang marah atau mampu juga untuk memulakan sesebuah ikatan.
15. Pujangga menyebut :
" SENYUM ITU KELOPAK. KETAWA ITU BUNGA YANG SEMPURNA KEMBANGNYA"
" SENYUM ITU KELOPAK. KETAWA ITU BUNGA YANG SEMPURNA KEMBANGNYA"
PSIKOLOGI TINGKAHLAKU
Memicit Atau Memegang Hidung
Tidak mudah tertipu dan sangat berwaspada dlm apa juga tindakan yang dilakukan.
Seorang yang pemalu dan sukar utk berkongsi rahsia besar dgn org lain kecuali org yang benar2 dipercayai.
Tidak mudah tertipu dan sangat berwaspada dlm apa juga tindakan yang dilakukan.
Seorang yang pemalu dan sukar utk berkongsi rahsia besar dgn org lain kecuali org yang benar2 dipercayai.
Meletak Tangan Pada Bahu Kawan
Suka ikut kepala sendiri
Pentingkan diri sendiri
Teman yang sangat mengambil berat dan prihatin terhadap masalah yang dihadapi oleh teman2 rapat
Suka ikut kepala sendiri
Pentingkan diri sendiri
Teman yang sangat mengambil berat dan prihatin terhadap masalah yang dihadapi oleh teman2 rapat
Bermain Dgn Tangannya
Mempunyai tahap humor yang tinggi
Pandai berjenaka
Bersikap terbuka dan dapat menerima kritikan atau pandangan org lain tanpa ambil hati
Jenis open minded
Mempunyai tahap humor yang tinggi
Pandai berjenaka
Bersikap terbuka dan dapat menerima kritikan atau pandangan org lain tanpa ambil hati
Jenis open minded
Mematahkan Jari Jemarinya
Seorang yang gugup dan kurang yakin utk berbicara dgn org lain
Baik hati dan sedia membantu sesiapa saja
Seorang yang gugup dan kurang yakin utk berbicara dgn org lain
Baik hati dan sedia membantu sesiapa saja
Menggigit Kuku
Gugup dan gementar bila berbicara
Agak tertutup dalam membicrakan rahsia hati
Gugup dan gementar bila berbicara
Agak tertutup dalam membicrakan rahsia hati
Memintal Hujung Rambut
Suka berkhayal
Sukar diperdayakan
Keras kepala
Suka berkhayal
Sukar diperdayakan
Keras kepala
Menongkat Dagu
Pendengar yang setia dan rahsia akan selamat ditangannya
Suka mendengar masalah teman2
Setia dlm persahabatan
Pendengar yang setia dan rahsia akan selamat ditangannya
Suka mendengar masalah teman2
Setia dlm persahabatan
Suka Letakkan Tangan Atas Meja
Happy go lucky dan pandai menyesuaikan diri
Peramah
Suka bergantung pada orang lain
Happy go lucky dan pandai menyesuaikan diri
Peramah
Suka bergantung pada orang lain
Menggosok 2 Telapak Tangan
Ramah dan berfikiran matang
Suka berterusterang dan tidak suka ckap berbelit2
Muudah memahami perasaan org lain dan suka membantu
Ramah dan berfikiran matang
Suka berterusterang dan tidak suka ckap berbelit2
Muudah memahami perasaan org lain dan suka membantu
Memutar Cincin
Sangat menepati janji
Berhati2 dlm tutur kata
Gemar hidup yang teratur.
Sangat menepati janji
Berhati2 dlm tutur kata
Gemar hidup yang teratur.
UJIAN PSIKOLOGI KENDIRI
UJIAN PSIKOLOGI "KARAKTER" sahabat ANDA;
Ujian psikologi ini adalah bertujuan mengetahui sejauh mana ketulusan sahabat-sahabat kita....soalannya mudah sahaja:
Anda diminta menanam pokok kelapa. Ada 4 tempat pilihan yang anda mesti pilih..................
iaitu:
1- tepi sungai
2- halaman rumah
3-tepi/tengah padang
4-belakang rumah/tepi dapur
2- halaman rumah
3-tepi/tengah padang
4-belakang rumah/tepi dapur
Jawablah dengan dengan jujur.........................
jika dah pilih????
MAKSUDNYA;
ok................ setiap tempat yang dipilih OLEH SAHABAT ANDA membawa maksud YANG tertentu IAITU;
1- tepi sungai
-boros
-sukar berjimat
-boleh juga dikatakan sangat pemurah/pemboros
-boros
-sukar berjimat
-boleh juga dikatakan sangat pemurah/pemboros
2- halaman rumah
-sangat suka dipuji
-pantang dibodek/dipuji akan melayan orang yang dipuji dengan beitu baik sekali
-sangat suka dipuji
-pantang dibodek/dipuji akan melayan orang yang dipuji dengan beitu baik sekali
3-tepi/tengah padang
-sangat berkira/kedekut
-sangat berkira/kedekut
4-belakang rumah/tepi dapur
-penjimat
-pandai menguruskan kewangan dengan baik
-paling bersederhana dalam semua segi
-penjimat
-pandai menguruskan kewangan dengan baik
-paling bersederhana dalam semua segi
EVEN THE moron HAVE A DREAM..............................
Wednesday, 10 September 2014
THE ART OF "KOMUNIKASI"
The ART OF Communication
Theories
Actor-Network Theory (ANT)
Actor-Network Theory suggests that human and non-human factors are equally influential in the success of technological innovation and scientific knowledge-creation. The theory looks at how networks are formed and how these networks contribute to these successes. It suggests that no one person or thing is solely responsible for these advancements. Therefore, both an actor and a network are responsible for achieving these outcomes.
Actor-Network Theory suggests that human and non-human factors are equally influential in the success of technological innovation and scientific knowledge-creation. The theory looks at how networks are formed and how these networks contribute to these successes. It suggests that no one person or thing is solely responsible for these advancements. Therefore, both an actor and a network are responsible for achieving these outcomes.
Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST)
Groups and organizations create rules and resources which are defined as structures. These structures form social systems which develop a life of their own. The quality of the structure affects decision making, and decisions also affect the structure.
Groups and organizations create rules and resources which are defined as structures. These structures form social systems which develop a life of their own. The quality of the structure affects decision making, and decisions also affect the structure.
Agenda Setting Theory
Agenda Setting Theory states that mass media organizations determine what the general population considers newsworthy by deciding how much attention a news story receives. The term salience transfer is commonly used and refers to the ability of the media to transfer their agendas onto the public.
Agenda Setting Theory states that mass media organizations determine what the general population considers newsworthy by deciding how much attention a news story receives. The term salience transfer is commonly used and refers to the ability of the media to transfer their agendas onto the public.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Cognitive Dissonance is the psychological conflict that results from holding two contradictory or incompatible beliefs or attitudes. For example, one can like a person, but disapprove of their habits. The theory suggests that a person looks for balance in their beliefs. Therefore, in order to reduce dissonance, one will avoid hearing opposing viewpoints or change their beliefs to match their actions.
Cognitive Dissonance is the psychological conflict that results from holding two contradictory or incompatible beliefs or attitudes. For example, one can like a person, but disapprove of their habits. The theory suggests that a person looks for balance in their beliefs. Therefore, in order to reduce dissonance, one will avoid hearing opposing viewpoints or change their beliefs to match their actions.
Communication Accommodation Theory
Communication Accommodation Theory describes when people accommodate or adjust their communication styles to others. These changes in verbal and nonverbal styles are done through two ways: divergence and convergence. Divergence is used to highlight group identity through touting the differences of the group they identify with. Divergence is often used by groups with strong ethnic or racial pride. Convergence is used more often by powerless individuals for social approval and focuses on matching the communication styles of the person with whom they are speaking to.
Communication Accommodation Theory describes when people accommodate or adjust their communication styles to others. These changes in verbal and nonverbal styles are done through two ways: divergence and convergence. Divergence is used to highlight group identity through touting the differences of the group they identify with. Divergence is often used by groups with strong ethnic or racial pride. Convergence is used more often by powerless individuals for social approval and focuses on matching the communication styles of the person with whom they are speaking to.
Confirmation
Bias
Confirmation Bias is a theory which explains why people view the world selectively. It states that people continue to view the world selectively by choosing information and media which reinforces their beliefs.
Confirmation Bias is a theory which explains why people view the world selectively. It states that people continue to view the world selectively by choosing information and media which reinforces their beliefs.
Constructivism
People who are more cognitively complex will be more successful communicators because they possess the ability to create customized and sophisticated messages that pursue multiple communication goals.
People who are more cognitively complex will be more successful communicators because they possess the ability to create customized and sophisticated messages that pursue multiple communication goals.
Cultivation
Theory
Cultivation Theory argues media shapes a persons sense of reality. Because many acquire information through mediated sources rather than direct experience, their world view becomes influenced by these sources. For example, Cultivation Theory suggests that people who would be defined as heavy television viewers see the world as more violent that it actually is.
Cultivation Theory argues media shapes a persons sense of reality. Because many acquire information through mediated sources rather than direct experience, their world view becomes influenced by these sources. For example, Cultivation Theory suggests that people who would be defined as heavy television viewers see the world as more violent that it actually is.
Cultural Studies
Cultural Studies theorists suggest that mass media represents ideologies of the dominant class in a society. They believe that media is influenced by profit, since corporations run the media. Cultural Studies theorists are curious about the effect of power on culture.
Cultural Studies theorists suggest that mass media represents ideologies of the dominant class in a society. They believe that media is influenced by profit, since corporations run the media. Cultural Studies theorists are curious about the effect of power on culture.
Dramatism
Dramatism states that life is drama. Therefore, one can understand a speaker’s motive through the dramatistic pentad of act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose. The greatest motive of rhetoric is to purge guilt, and there can only be persuasion if the audience identifies with the speaker.
Dramatism states that life is drama. Therefore, one can understand a speaker’s motive through the dramatistic pentad of act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose. The greatest motive of rhetoric is to purge guilt, and there can only be persuasion if the audience identifies with the speaker.
Elaboration
Likelihood Model
The Elaboration Likelihood Model looks at how attitudes are formed and changed. It suggest there are two routes of persuasion. The central route is where attitudes are changed through a logical thought process. This route requires more attention, but is also allows for the major change. The peripheral route uses surface characteristics, such as speaker’s credibility, to judge the message. This route creates smaller shifts in attitude.
The Elaboration Likelihood Model looks at how attitudes are formed and changed. It suggest there are two routes of persuasion. The central route is where attitudes are changed through a logical thought process. This route requires more attention, but is also allows for the major change. The peripheral route uses surface characteristics, such as speaker’s credibility, to judge the message. This route creates smaller shifts in attitude.
Face Negotiation Theory
Face Negotiation Theory highlights conflict style differences between collectivist and individualistic cultures. Collectivist cultures place value on the group and therefore adopt a conflict style of avoiding or integrating to give others mutual face. Individualistic cultures place value on the individual and in an attempt to protect self-face, they adopt a dominating conflict style.
Face Negotiation Theory highlights conflict style differences between collectivist and individualistic cultures. Collectivist cultures place value on the group and therefore adopt a conflict style of avoiding or integrating to give others mutual face. Individualistic cultures place value on the individual and in an attempt to protect self-face, they adopt a dominating conflict style.
Framing
“Frames” are defined as the way in which we interpret media presented to us, and that these frames function as a way to organize social meanings. Since the media decides what we view and how we view it, they also influence the way in which we interpret information. In a sense, they tell us what to think about, and how to think about it.
“Frames” are defined as the way in which we interpret media presented to us, and that these frames function as a way to organize social meanings. Since the media decides what we view and how we view it, they also influence the way in which we interpret information. In a sense, they tell us what to think about, and how to think about it.
Genderlect
Genderlect theory sees masculine and feminine communication styles as two different cultural dialects — neither of which is more superior than the other. Genderlect states that these forms of communication are simply different in their focus: masculine discourse is based on building status and independence, while feminine conversation is used as a way to build rapport and connection.
Genderlect theory sees masculine and feminine communication styles as two different cultural dialects — neither of which is more superior than the other. Genderlect states that these forms of communication are simply different in their focus: masculine discourse is based on building status and independence, while feminine conversation is used as a way to build rapport and connection.
Groupthink
Groupthink is when groups make faulty decisions because they fail to critically analyzing their options and weigh alternatives. This typically occurs in highly cohesive groups who are more concerned with maintaining group unity than finding the best option.
Groupthink is when groups make faulty decisions because they fail to critically analyzing their options and weigh alternatives. This typically occurs in highly cohesive groups who are more concerned with maintaining group unity than finding the best option.
Hypodermic
Needle Theory
The Hypodermic Needle Theory, also known as the ‘magic bullet’ theory, says the media has a powerful and direct effect on audiences by ‘injecting’ them with messages. The Hypodermic Needle Theory no longer carries the respect it once did since its accuracy was found to be questionable.
The Hypodermic Needle Theory, also known as the ‘magic bullet’ theory, says the media has a powerful and direct effect on audiences by ‘injecting’ them with messages. The Hypodermic Needle Theory no longer carries the respect it once did since its accuracy was found to be questionable.
Muted Group Theory
Muted Group Theory states that because language is man-made women remain reduced and excluded. Because words and norms have been created by men, women are disadvantaged in public. As women become less muted and more vocal, the dominant position of males in society will diminish.
Muted Group Theory states that because language is man-made women remain reduced and excluded. Because words and norms have been created by men, women are disadvantaged in public. As women become less muted and more vocal, the dominant position of males in society will diminish.
The Narrative Paradigm
The Narrative Paradigm suggests that we as a people are storytelling animals. It states that instead of using traditional logic, we are more open to judging the credibility of a speaker through narrative logic, which analyzes if their stories are well put together (coherence) and sound true (fidelity). Narrative logic allows those who are not educated in oratory and persuasion to make judgments; therefore, allowing for a more democratic system.
The Narrative Paradigm suggests that we as a people are storytelling animals. It states that instead of using traditional logic, we are more open to judging the credibility of a speaker through narrative logic, which analyzes if their stories are well put together (coherence) and sound true (fidelity). Narrative logic allows those who are not educated in oratory and persuasion to make judgments; therefore, allowing for a more democratic system.
Priming
Priming refers to the ability of the media to control the interpretation of new information by feeding the public prior information. This prior context set frames of reference within the audience members, which ultimately effects their judgments. For example, the media has primed us as to what constitutes a credible person.
Priming refers to the ability of the media to control the interpretation of new information by feeding the public prior information. This prior context set frames of reference within the audience members, which ultimately effects their judgments. For example, the media has primed us as to what constitutes a credible person.
Proxemics
Proxemic theory looks at how different cultures develop and define space. On an unconscious level people internalize three types of space: 1) intimate space: our personal “bubble” for friends and intimates relationships; 2) social and consultative spaces: the space for routine social interactions with acquaintances and strangers; 3) public space: the space where impersonal and anonymous interactions occur. Each culture creates their own distances for what they feel is appropriate.
Proxemic theory looks at how different cultures develop and define space. On an unconscious level people internalize three types of space: 1) intimate space: our personal “bubble” for friends and intimates relationships; 2) social and consultative spaces: the space for routine social interactions with acquaintances and strangers; 3) public space: the space where impersonal and anonymous interactions occur. Each culture creates their own distances for what they feel is appropriate.
Social Exchange Theory
Social Exchange Theory posits an ‘economic’ exchange for in interpersonal relationships. Meaning, the relationships is enhanced by satisfying each others self-interest. In this theory, self-interest is not regarded as a bad thing, but rather as a concept that builds the relationship.
Social Exchange Theory posits an ‘economic’ exchange for in interpersonal relationships. Meaning, the relationships is enhanced by satisfying each others self-interest. In this theory, self-interest is not regarded as a bad thing, but rather as a concept that builds the relationship.
Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory argues that people learn from each other through observing, imitating, and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Social learning theory explains how human behavior can be shaped by continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, an environmental influences.
Social Learning Theory argues that people learn from each other through observing, imitating, and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Social learning theory explains how human behavior can be shaped by continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, an environmental influences.
Social
Penetration Theory
Social Penetration Theory looks at how superficial relationships evolve to intimate relationships. The theory states it is a gradual evolution due primarily to self-disclosure between parties. But, while this self-disclosure can be effective in creating intimate relationships, it can also leave one or more persons vulnerable.
Social Penetration Theory looks at how superficial relationships evolve to intimate relationships. The theory states it is a gradual evolution due primarily to self-disclosure between parties. But, while this self-disclosure can be effective in creating intimate relationships, it can also leave one or more persons vulnerable.
Spiral of Silence
The Spiral of Silence theory states that people are less likely to express their opinions if they are the minority. This is because they fear they will be isolated by the majority and suffer social rejection.
The Spiral of Silence theory states that people are less likely to express their opinions if they are the minority. This is because they fear they will be isolated by the majority and suffer social rejection.
Standpoint Theory
Standpoint Theory claims that each person is seated in a different rank among the social hierarchy. Because of this, each person views the social climate from a different vantage point, which only provides a small look at the social whole. But the theory also claims that those who are lower on the social ladder tend to have a greater understanding of the social whole, rather than those higher up.
Standpoint Theory claims that each person is seated in a different rank among the social hierarchy. Because of this, each person views the social climate from a different vantage point, which only provides a small look at the social whole. But the theory also claims that those who are lower on the social ladder tend to have a greater understanding of the social whole, rather than those higher up.
Symbolic Interactionism Theory
Symbolic Interaction Theory suggests that the concept of self is created by three principles: 1) Meaning: that we act towards and things according to the meanings we apply to them. 2) Language: that we negotiate meaning through symbols. 3) Thought: that thought modifies our interpretations. Symbolic interactionism implies that without communication there would be no self concept.
Symbolic Interaction Theory suggests that the concept of self is created by three principles: 1) Meaning: that we act towards and things according to the meanings we apply to them. 2) Language: that we negotiate meaning through symbols. 3) Thought: that thought modifies our interpretations. Symbolic interactionism implies that without communication there would be no self concept.
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
Theory of Planned Behavior is the same as Theory of Reasoned Action in that it says personal attitudinal judgments and social-normative considerations influence a person’s intentions to perform a behavior, but TPB adds a third element: perceived behavioral control. This element being the perception of how easy or difficult it is to perform the behavior.
Theory of Planned Behavior is the same as Theory of Reasoned Action in that it says personal attitudinal judgments and social-normative considerations influence a person’s intentions to perform a behavior, but TPB adds a third element: perceived behavioral control. This element being the perception of how easy or difficult it is to perform the behavior.
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
Theory of Reasoned Action looks at how behaviors can be influenced by influencing a person’s intentions. TRA states that two main factors tell a person whether or not to perform a behavior: 1) personal attitudinal judgments: the evaluation of the action; and, 2) social-normative considerations: what one believes others think they should do.
Theory of Reasoned Action looks at how behaviors can be influenced by influencing a person’s intentions. TRA states that two main factors tell a person whether or not to perform a behavior: 1) personal attitudinal judgments: the evaluation of the action; and, 2) social-normative considerations: what one believes others think they should do.
Uncertainty
Reduction Theory
Uncertainty Reduction Theory states that when strangers meet, their primary goal is to reduce levels of uncertainty. Uncertainty meaning, being unsure of how to behave (or how the other person will behave), and unsure of what to think of the other person. For example, if they like the person or do not like the person. According to this theory, they will use communication to reduce this uncertainty.
Uncertainty Reduction Theory states that when strangers meet, their primary goal is to reduce levels of uncertainty. Uncertainty meaning, being unsure of how to behave (or how the other person will behave), and unsure of what to think of the other person. For example, if they like the person or do not like the person. According to this theory, they will use communication to reduce this uncertainty.
Uses and
Gratifications Theory
The Uses and Gratifications Theory assumes audiences actively seek out media to satisfy individual needs. With this assumption, the Uses and Gratifications Theory looks to answer three questions: what do people do with the media, what are their underlying motives for using said media, and what are the pros and cons of this individual media use.
The Uses and Gratifications Theory assumes audiences actively seek out media to satisfy individual needs. With this assumption, the Uses and Gratifications Theory looks to answer three questions: what do people do with the media, what are their underlying motives for using said media, and what are the pros and cons of this individual media use.
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